CopperDopamineComplexInducesMitochondrialAutophagy PrecedingCaspase-independentApoptoticCellDeath *

cyclosporine A; lack ofcaspase-3activation;formationofautophagicvacuolescontain-ingmitochondriaafter2h;transfectionofcellswithgreenfluo-rescent protein-light chain 3 plasmid showing that 68% of cellspresented autophagosome vacuoles; colocalization of positivestaining for green fluorescent protein-light chain 3 and Rhod-2AM, a selective indicator of mitochondrial calcium; and DNAladdering after 12-h incubation. These results suggest that thecopperdopamine complex induces mitochondrial autophagyfollowed by caspase-3-independent apoptotic cell death. How-ever, a different cell death mechanism was observed when 100