Особенности белкового метаболизма в скелетных мышцах костистых рыб

The review summarizes the literature and the data of own research on the traits of the structure, functions, and protein metabolism in the skeletal muscle of teleost fish (Teleostei). Despite the conservative fundamental mechanisms of muscle growth (myogenesis) and degradation in vertebrates, fish are characterized by unique features related to their poikilothermy, indeterminate growth, and a unique role of the muscle as a depot of plastic and energetic substrates. The skeletal muscle of fish reveals high plasticity defined as their ability to substantial anabolic or catabolic changes in response to environmental variables, such as temperature, photoperiod, and food availability. Under optimal (anabolic) conditions, the muscle tissue of fish grows at an extremely high rate due to both hypertrophy and hyperplasia ways, while at the periods of high energy demand, including migration, starvation, and gonad maturation, the skeletal muscle protein catabolism temporarily prevails. However, the muscle degradation could be deep enough to exceed their regenerative capacity; according to this scenario, both genetically determined programs and responses to exogenous signals of excessive strength and duration can be realized. An extreme and illustrative example of muscle protein reserve mobilization and resulting amino acid consumption in the processes of energy production and the synthesis of stage-specific gonad proteins are pacific salmonids which exhaustion at the spawning is so great to result in the death of individuals. The myopathies in fish and the potential of fish objects for modeling human diseases are also considered.