High-voltage, High-energy Layered-Spinel Composite Cathodes with Superior Cycle Life for Lithium-ion Batteries

The unique structural characteristics and their effect on the electrochemical performances of the layered-spinel composite cathode system xLi[Li0.2Mn0.6Ni0.17Co0.03]O2–(1 – x)Li[Mn1.5Ni0.425Co0.075]O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been investigated by a systematic analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, neutron diffraction data (ND), electrochemical charge–discharge profiles, and electrochemical differential–capacity measurements. In the 0.5 ≤ x < 1 samples, the capacity and energy density of the composite cathodes gradually increase during 50 cycles with a change in the shape of the charge–discharge profiles. Ex situ X-ray diffraction data reveal two important findings, which account for the superior cycle performance: (i) the layered phase in the composite cathodes (x = 0.5 and 0.75) undergoes an irreversible phase transformation to a cubic spinel phase during extended electrochemical cycling, and the newly formed spinel phase exhibits only a 3 V plateau without any 4 or 4.7 V plateau as both Mn and Ni are pre...