Calibration of full-waveform airborne laser scanning data for object classification
2008
Small-footprint airborne laser scanners with waveform-digitizing capabilities are becoming increasingly available.
Waveform-digitizing laser scanners seize the physical measurement process in its entire complexity. This leads the way
to the possibility of deriving the backscatter cross section which is a measure of the electromagnetic energy intercepted
and reradiated by objects. The cross section can be obtained by firstly decomposing the echo waveform in several
distinct echoes, whereas for each echo its range, amplitude and width are known. Then the radar equation can be used for
calibrating the waveform measurements using external reference targets with known backscatter cross sections. The final
outcome is a 3D point cloud where each point represents one scatterer with a given cross section and echo width. Using
these physical attributes and various geometric criteria the point cloud can be segmented or classified. In this paper this
procedure is demonstrated based on waveform measurements acquired by the RIEGL LMS-Q560 sensor. The cross
section of the homogenous reference targets is estimated with a RIEGL reflectometer and Spectralon® targets.
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