Precise Noise Calibration for CV-QKD

Continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution (CV-QKD) devices, conveniently based on standard components from the domain of coherent optical communication, can guarantee an information-theoretic secure-key expansion. Their security analysis assumes that all power lost in the channel, as well as channel noise in excess with respect to the shot noise, is due to an eavesdropper limited only by quantum mechanics. Quantifying the excess noise, which typically has significantly less power than the shot noise, is essential for secure-key generation. In this article a heterodyne-receiver setup capable of measuring optical power with an extremely high sensitivity (approximately −130 dBm within a 12.5 MHz bandwidth at 1550 nm, corresponding to a power 40 dB below the shot noise) is analysed and demonstrated in a CV -QKD prototype device. Such accuracy is achieved by means of continuous calibration and long-time averages.