Alternative Models of Political Participation of Population in Developed and Developing Countries: Cases of Switzerland, Germany, Brazil and Uruguay

The present research is focused on the problems of modern representative democracy in developed and developing countries. The loss of public trust in government requires the opening of political systems and the integration of citizens into political decision-making process. Mass political participation based on direct and deliberative democracy enhances stability and effectiveness of the political system. The analysis of the implementation of direct and deliberative democracy has shown their growth in the world since the 1990s and their geographical differences. In Switzerland, Germany, Uruguay and Brazil, there are special models of new political participation. The characteristics and comparative analysis of these models allow us to determine the mechanisms and ways of political participation, their impact on the state of national political and social systems.