Sex-specific association between type 1 diabetes and the risk of end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis was conducted given the inconsistent findings of studies regarding the sex discrepancy in the relationship between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Articles published on PubMed between January 1, 1966 and March 31, 2019 were systematically retrieved without language restrictions. The included articles all presented sex-specific data of the incidence rate ratio, standardized incidence or mortality ratio, hazard ratio, relative risk, or odds ratio, or provided data to estimate the association between T1D and ESRD or kidney disease-related mortality. The gender-specific effect estimates and pooled ratio (female-to-male) for ESRD and for deaths from T1D-related renal disease were acquired via a random-effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting, regardless of heterogeneity evaluated based on the I2 statistic. Nineteen studies, including 122,842 individuals, were finally selected for this meta-analysis. Sex differences in effect estimates were found in ESRD (pooled ratio = 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.69–0.94)) with considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 66.9%), but not in mortality with T1D-associated renal disease. Women with T1D have a lower risk of ESRD compared with that in men, but this finding may be biased by potential confounding factors and must be verified by other well-planned prospective studies.