The Preparation and Solution NMR Spectroscopy of Human Glycoproteins Is Accessible and Rewarding

Abstract The majority of proteins excreted by human cells and borne at the cell surface are modified with carbohydrates. Glycoproteins mediate a wide range of processes and adopt fundamental roles in many diseases. The carbohydrates covalently attached to proteins during maturation in the cell directly impact protein structure and function as integral and indispensable components. However, the ability to study the structure of glycoproteins to high resolution was historically limited by technical barriers including a limited availability of appropriate recombinant protein expression platforms, limited methods to generate compositional homogeneity, and difficulties analyzing glycoprotein composition. Furthermore, glycoproteins and in particular the glycan moieties themselves often exhibit a high degree of conformational heterogeneity. Solution NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study biological macromolecules that is capable of characterizing mobile elements of molecules with atomic-level resolution. Methods to express glycoproteins, incorporate stable isotope labels, and analyze glycoproteins have recently opened new avenues to prepare and investigate glycoproteins. These methods are accessible to many laboratories with experience expressing and purifying proteins from prokaryotic expression hosts.