The glutathione peroxidase family of Theobroma cacao: Involvement in the oxidative stress during witches' broom disease.

Abstract The glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are enzymes which are part of the cell antioxidant system inhibiting the ROS-induced damages of membranes and proteins. In cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genome, five GPX genes were identified. Cysteine insertion codons (UGU) were found in TcPHGPX, TcGPX2, TcGPX4, TcGPX6 and tryptophan insertion codon (UGG) in TcGPX8. Multiple alignments revealed conserved domains between TcGPXs and other plants and human GPXs. Homology modeling was performed using the Populus trichocarpa GPX5 structure as template, and the molecular modeling showed that TcGPXs have affinity with selenometionine in their active site. In silico analysis of the TcGPXs promoter region revealed the presence of conserved cis-elements related to biotic stresses and hormone responsiveness. The expression analysis of TcGPXs in cacao plantlet meristems infected by M. perniciosa showed that TcGPXs are most expressed in susceptible variety than in resistant one, mainly in disease stages in which oxidative stress and programmed cell death occurred. This data, associated with phylogenetic and location analysis suggested that TcGPXs may play a role in protecting cells from oxidative stress as a try of disease progression reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the overall GPX family from T. cacao.