Demonstration of natural Leishmania infection in asymptomatic dogs in the absence of specific humoral immunity.

: Asymptomatic dogs from a Kala-Azar endemic region were screened for infection status by parasitological, immunological and molecular techniques. Bone marrow was examined for the presence of parasites by NNN culture and by using the Lmet 2 DNA probe. All the samples were negative in culture but 24 of 41 were positive as determined by the probe. Cellular and humoral immunity were detected by T cell proliferation assays and IFAT respectively. Specific cellular and humoral immunity were found in 20 and 26 dogs respectively out of a total of 41 dogs examined. The vast majority of dogs with Leishmania-specific antibodies were found to be parasitologically positive using the DNA probe while almost half those that had demonstrable cellular immunity were apparently parasite free. The observation that dogs can develop cellular immunity following natural infection clearly indicates that there is a spectrum of canine leishmaniasis similar to that observed in the human disease. The prevalence of dog leishmanial infection must also be higher than was presumed.