A mezőgazdasági termelők motivációi az állati termékek előállításában

A magyar allattenyesztes helyzete 2004 ota is folyamatosan romlik. A mezőgaz¬dasagi kibocsatasbol valo reszesedese tobb ev ota 37-38 szazalek korul stagnal, az allatallomany csokken. Mindez szorosan osszefugg azzal, hogy a fontosabb agazatok jovedelemhelyzete bizonytalan, es az evek kozotti hullamzasa is jelentős. A felvasarlasi arak gyakran nem fedezik a termekek koltsegeit, es csak az allami tamogatasokkal jutnak minimalis nyereseghez a gazdasagok. Az atlagos ertekek hattereben elterő termelesi szinvonalon gazdalkodo vallalkozasok huzodnak meg: versenykepesen es jovedelmezően termelők, es az esemenyekkel sodrodo, tobbnyire vesztesegesen ter¬melők. Főleg ez utobbiakkal kapcsolatban jogosan merul fel a kerdes, hogy vajon mi motivalja tevekenyseguket? Az AKI-ban termelőkkel folytatott interjukra alapozott vizsgalat kereteben kerestuk a valaszt erre. A motivaciok jelentős resze nem agazatspecifikus, mert a videki ember allatszeretete melyen gyokerezik, nehezen adja fel az allattarto eletformat. Az alternativ munkalehetősegek hianya, a megelhetesi nehezsegek is sokakat tartanak a termelesben. A csaladi keretekben gazdalkodok dontő tobbsegenel a mezőgazdasagi munka es ezen belul az allattartas kiegeszitő jovedelemszerzest szolgal. A nagyobb meretű uzemeknel sokszor a munkaerő foglalkoztatasa, megőrzese magyarazza az allattenyesztes fenntartasat. Ez reszben szocialis halokent is felfoghato. Ettől viszont nehezen varhato el, hogy egyben gazdasagos is legyen. A versenykepes uzemeknel fő szempont a hatekony, gazdasagos termeles, es ezeket, ha tartosan (3-4 ev) veszteseges az agazat, felszamoljak, de a felszamolasnak is komolyak a koltsegei. Az allatokat, meg ha aron alul is, csak-csak el lehet adni, de az epuleteket, berendezeseket nem, igy azok amortizacioja es allagmegőrzese terheli a gazdalkodokat. Tovabbi koltsegeket jelentenek a korabban felvett hitelek, tamogatasok fejeben vallalt kotelezettsegek. A vizsgalatok egyik fontos megallapitasa, hogy főleg a kismeretű uzemeknel nem lathato a folytatas, nincsen, aki atvegye a gazdasagot. A nagymeretű gazdasagok egy reszenek jovője is bizonytalan, mert nem tudnak es esetenkent nem is akarnak a szigoru egeszsegugyi es kornyezetvedelmi előirasoknak megfelelni. -------------------------------- Animal farming in Hungary has been on a constant decline since 2004. Its share in agricultural output has been at 37-38 per cent for years, and the number of animals is declining. This is closely related to the fact that revenues in the major branches of the industry are insecure and fluctuate significantly from one year to another. Purchase prices often do not cover product costs, farms rely on the governmental subsidies to make a minimal profit. Average values are derived from data obtained from businesses with varying quality of production: some are profitable and competitive, while others lack initiative and are usually unprofitable. One may justifiably wonder about why these businesses – especially the latter group – remain in existence. Our research was based on interviews conducted with farmers at the AKI to find the answer to this question. To a significant degree, motivations are not industry specific, as people living in the countryside have a deep love for animals and are reluctant to give up their lifestyle as animal farmers. Many remain in the industry due to the lack of alternative jobs and the pressure of family finances. In family businesses, agriculture, including animal husbandry, often serves as an additional source of income. In larger farms, animal husbandry operations are often sustained in order to retain existing employees. This may be seen as a welfare network of sorts – but then profitability is hardly an applicable requirement. The main criteria for competitive farms are efficiency and profitability of productions; if they are unprofitable for a longer period (3-4 years), they are wound up. Winding up a business, however, also has its costs. Animals can be sold, albeit at less then what they are worth; buildings and equipment, however, cannot, so farmers must bear the costs of amortisation and maintenance. Obligations resulting from earlier loans and subsidies are another source of costs. An important finding was that – especially with smaller farms – the future is insecure because they have nobody to take over and continue the farm. The future is insecure for many of the large farms as well because they are not able – and sometimes not willing – to meet the strict environmental and health requirements.