Chapter One – The Middle Way: Finding the Balance between Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering

Mind-wandering is a common everyday experience in which attention becomes disengaged from the immediate external environment and focused on internal trains of thought. This chapter reviews progress in the study of mind-wandering and its manifold effects on cognition and affect. After summarizing key recent advances in the study of mind-wandering, we focus on three fundamentally practical questions: (1) What are the costs of mind-wandering for cognition and affect? (2) Is it possible to reduce mind-wandering with practices aimed at enhancing mindfulness? (3) What are some possible benefits of mind-wandering that may help to mitigate its costs? This chapter leads to the endorsement of a “middle way” approach to mind-wandering: though it may be useful to cultivate practices for overcoming some of mind-wandering's more disruptive consequences, we should not seek to eliminate it entirely, as it can offer some unique benefits when carried out at the appropriate times.