Microplastics in drinking water? Present state of knowledge and open questions

Research studies published so far on microplastics in drinking water prove that both, bottled and tap water, may contain microscopic plastic pieces. Their possible origin ranges from raw water over treatment processes to packaging material and distribution systems. Various analytical techniques were used, which provide more or less reliable results. Consequently, reported amounts of microplastics in drinking water are difficult to compare, if not incomparable, with each other and with studies on microplastics in other food. Projections on the total intake of microplastics by humans via foodstuff should be made with care. Conclusions on the major intake pathways are not justified, yet. Instead, harmonized, valid methods and more research are needed to reliably determine microplastics in drinking water and more complex foodstuff.