Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Impedes MLK3 Kinase Activity to Support Breast Cancer Cell Survival

Abstract Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is amplified in approximately 15-20% of human breast cancer and is important for tumor etiology and therapeutic options of breast cancer. Upregulation of HER2 oncogene initiates cascades of events cumulating to the stimulation of transforming PI3K/AKT signaling which also plays a dominant role in supporting cell survival and efficacy of HER2-directed therapies. While investigating the underlying mechanisms by which HER2 promotes cell survival, we noticed a profound reduction in the kinase activity of a pro-apoptotic mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) in HER2 positive (HER2+) but not in HER2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer tissues, while both HER2+ and HER2- tumors expressed a comparable level of MLK3 protein. Furthermore, the kinase activity of MLK3 was inversely correlated with HER2+ tumor grades. Moreover, HER2-directed drugs such as trastuzumab and lapatinib as well as depletion of HER2 or HER3 stimulated MLK3 kinase activity in HER2+ breast cancer cell lines. In addition, the noted inhibitory effect of HER2 on MLK3 kinase activity was mediated via its phosphorylation on Ser674 by AKT and that pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K/AKT prevented trastuzumab- and lapatinib-induced stimulation of MLK3 activity. Consistent with the pro-apoptotic function of MLK3, stable knockdown of MLK3 in HER2+ cell line blunted the pro-apoptotic effects of trastuzumab and lapatinib. These findings suggest that HER2 activation inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of MLK3 which play a mechanistic role in mediating anti-tumor activities of HER2-directed therapies. In brief, MLK3 represents a newly recognized integral component of HER2 biology in HER2+ breast tumors.