Expanding lysine industry: Biotechnological production of l-lysine and its derivatives

Abstract l -lysine is an essential amino acid that contains various functional groups including α-amino, ω-amino, and α-carboxyl groups, exhibiting high reaction potential. The derivatization of these functional groups produces a series of value-added chemicals, such as cadaverine, glutarate, and d -lysine, that are widely applied in the chemical synthesis, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we review recent advances in the biotechnological production of l -lysine and its derivatives and expatiate key technological strategies. Furthermore, we also discuss the existing challenges and potential strategies for more efficient production of these chemicals.