Urinary clusterin, cystatin C, β2-microglobulin and total protein as markers to detect drug-induced kidney injury

Current biomarkers for detecting kidney damage, such as serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lack the sensitivity needed for use in drug development. Urinary clusterin outperforms SCr and BUN in detecting proximal tubular injury, and urinary total protein, cystatin C and β2-microglobulin each outperform either SCr or BUN in detecting glomerular injury.