An optimization study on heat transfer of pool boiling exposed ultrasonic waves and particles addition

Abstract Pool boiling has a significant role in energy transfer in different industrial fields. In this study, the effects of CuO particles and combining to ultrasonic wave's irradiation (24 kHz) on heat transfer of water pool boiling were investigated. Four main parameters including heater tilting angle, particle size, particle concentration and irradiation time were considered. In addition, to accurate orientation of the copper element, departure diameter of bubbles, departure frequency of bubbles and their active nucleation sources were evaluated. The results revealed that big bubbles and small size of the particles appropriately increased the boiling heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, the ultrasonic waves well decreased the deposition of the particles resulted in remaining in a stable state. The optimization study suggests a boiling heat transfer coefficient (BHTC) of about 11.5 kW/m2.°C at the tilting angle of 15°, particle size of 20 nm, particle concentration of 0.075 wt% and irradiation time of 14 min. Finally, optimized cycle and power of the ultrasonic waves were found at 0.5–0.5 and 60% of power domain (1.2 kW), respectively. Finally, the experimental results at specified conditions revealed that the Kutateladze model had a good agreement than other models in developing the experimental data.