Cognitive and other behavioral effects of EGb 761® in animal models

Extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies conducted over more than three decades have established that EGb 761® (definition see editorial) represents a polyvalent therapeutic principle that is useful in the therapy of mildly to moderately severe dementia and other cognitive disorders. Besides cognition, other emotional and affective aspects of brain function also seem to benefit from EGb 761® treatment. Extensive behavioural studies in experimental animals are generally in line with clinical data since cognition improvement, stress protection, and antidepressive effects have been identified with this extract in proper animal models. While individual effects in all areas have been reported for adult animals and acute dosing, more pronounced effects are usually seen in aged animals and after subchronic treatment. Specifically, for the cognition improving properties pronounced beneficial effects are mainly present in those situations where cognition was impaired by aging or other noxious stimuli. Since all these conditions are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, the stabilizing or even protecting effect of EGb 761® on mitochondrial function seems to be a major mechanism associated with many of EGb 761®'s behavioural effects. Bilobalide is most important in this respect. Moreover, bilobalide and the ginkgolides have recently been shown to affect chloride conductance by interfering with the function of membrane proteins related to receptor-gated chloride channels. These mechanisms are probably associated with behavioural effects requiring acute changes of neuronal activity, but might indirectly also improve mitochondrial function.