Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) sources for frequency domain photon migration
2015
Frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) uses modulated laser light to measure the bulk optical properties of turbid
media and is increasingly being applied for noninvasive functional medical imaging. Though semiconductor edge emitting
laser diodes (EELs) have been traditionally used for this application, we show that VCSELs exhibit
performance characteristics suitable for FDPM measurements of tissue optical properties. Their output power and
modulation characteristics are more than sufficient for optical property recovery. In addition, their small size, high
efficiency, low cost, and simple packaging make them an attractive choice as components in clinical FDPM systems.
We demonstrate a unique, compact optical probe that was enabled by VCSEL technology.
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