Effects of active muscle contraction on whiplash injury

The objective of this work is to develop a finite element model of active human skeletal muscle, which can mimic its contraction behaviour. The model is then used to analyse the effects of active muscle contraction into occupant kinematics and injuries during rear-end collision. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)