Improving Cellular Response of Titanium Surface through Electrochemical Anodization for Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review

Titanium is a typical biomaterial that is extensively used for fabrication of orthopedic and bone implants. Although it provides biocompatibility and osseointegration in major cases, in minor occasions the implant does not establish desired attachment with the surrounding bone tissue, which results in infection and failure. Recent studies demonstrate that electrochemical anodization of the bulk material can be employed as an effective technique to enhance biocompatibility of the titanium surface. In this paper, various aspects of such surface modification are reviewed to evaluate its potential for fabrication of next generation orthopedic implants.