Distinct and additive effects of sodium bicarbonate and continuous mild heat stress on fiber type shift via calcineurin/NFAT pathway in human skeletal myoblasts

Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is known to enhance athletic performance, probably via increased extracellular buffering capacity. At present, little is known about the direct effects of NaHCO3 on myogenesis, especially in vitro. Here, we examined the effects of NaHCO3 and the combined effects of NaHCO3 and continuous mild heat stress (CMHS) at 39°C on the differentiation of human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMMs). Levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) type I mRNA increased with increasing NaHCO3 concentrations; in contrast, those of MyHC IIx decreased. The NaHCO3-induced fast-to-slow shift was additively enhanced by CMHS. Likewise, intracellular calcium levels and expression of three factors, nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2), NFATc4, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, were upregulated with increasing NaHCO3 concentrations; moreover, these effects of NaHCO3 were additively enhanced by CMHS. Overexpression experiments and small interfering RNA-mediated kn...