Critical Roles of Interactions among Switch I-preceding Residues and between Switch II and Its Neighboring α-Helix in Conformational Dynamics of the GTP-bound Ras Family Small GTPases

Abstract GTP-bound forms of Ras family small GTPases exhibit dynamic equilibrium between two interconverting conformations, ″inactive″ state 1 and ″active″ state 2. A great variation exists in their state distribution; H-Ras mainly adopts state 2 while M-Ras predominantly adopts state 1. Our previous studies based on comparison of crystal structures representing state 1 and state 2 revealed the importance of the hydrogen-bonding interactions of two flexible effector-interacting regions, switch I and switch II, with the γ-phosphate of GTP in establishing state 2 conformation. However, failure to obtain both state structures from a single protein hampered further analysis of state transition mechanisms. Here, we succeed in solving two crystal structures corresponding to state 1 and state 2 from a single Ras polypeptide, M-RasD41E, carrying an H-Ras-type substitution in the residue 41, immediately preceding switch I, in complex with guanosine 5′-(β, γ-imido)triphosphate. Comparison among the two structures and other state 1 and state 2 structures of H-Ras/M-Ras reveal two new structural features playing critical roles in state dynamics; interaction of the residue 31/41 (H-Ras/M-Ras) with the residues 29/39 and 30/40, which induces a conformational change of switch I favoring its interaction with the γ-phosphate, and the hydrogen-bonding interaction of switch II with its neighboring α-helix, α3-helix, which induces a conformational change of switch II favoring its interaction with the γ-phosphate. The importance of the latter interaction is proved by mutational analyses of the residues involved in hydrogen bonding. These results define the two novel functional regions playing critical roles during the state transition.