Biofilm formation, problems, and diseases: Methods for film eradication, a nanostructured material based approach

Abstract Surface-attached microbial communities owing to their extracellular polymeric substance form biofilms profusely by colonizing in drinking water supply systems, heat exchangers, water reservoirs, equipment of food and diary industries and medical devices. The biofilm formation causes issues of hygiene, smell, and taste in drinking water and lessens heat transfer potency of coolant. Most importantly up to 80% of human bacterial infections are biofilm associated. Such infections are most frequently caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli. Hence the extermination of harmful biofilms has always been a matter of concern. Although antimicrobial products and strategies have been employed for the removal and prevention of biofilm formation, standardized disinfection strategies with enough efficiency in controlling the biofilms have yet not been developed. Nanoscale materials with enhanced surface properties of bulk materials have been emerging as reliable agents in retarding microbial growth. The present chapter summarizes the fundamentals of bacterial growth, biofilm formation, mechanisms of antibacterial techniques, and the use of nanostructured materials for the prevention and extermination of biofilms. Further investigation is required for discovery and improvement of suitable functionalized nanostructured materials for the effective control of biofilms to save human lives and lessen healthcare costs by treating biofilm contamination.