Taxonomy and basic biology

Abstract Tilapias are freshwater groups of fish species originated exclusively from Africa and the Middle East. They are distributed all over Africa, except the northern Atlas Mountains and South-West Africa. The taxonomic classification of tilapia is still confusing and subject of continuous modification mainly due to the similarity and overlap of their morphological characteristics. Currently, tilapia are divided into three genera, Tilapia (substrate spawners), Sarotherodon (maternal/paternal mouthbrooders), and Oreochromis (maternal mouthbrooders). This chapter throws light on the taxonomic positions of these three genera, with a tabulation of the species which they include. Body shape and external morphology of different tilapia species are also highlighted. This chapter also describes the gut morphology, feeding habits, and dietary preferences of different tilapia species in the wild.