Wave Intensity Analysis: Sex-Specific Differences in Hemodynamic and Ventilatory Responses to Graded Exercise—Echocardiographic Measurements

Background: The differences in hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to graded exercise between men and women have not been well documented. Using wave intensity (WI) analysis, which is useful for analyzing ventriculo-arterial interaction, we aimed to elucidate the sex-specific differences.