High-resolution x-ray telescopes
2010
High-energy astrophysics is a relatively young scientific field, made possible by space-borne telescopes. During the
half-century history of x-ray astronomy, the sensitivity of focusing x-ray telescopes-through finer angular resolution
and increased effective area-has improved by a factor of a 100 million. This technological advance has enabled
numerous exciting discoveries and increasingly detailed study of the high-energy universe-including accreting (stellarmass
and super-massive) black holes, accreting and isolated neutron stars, pulsar-wind nebulae, shocked plasma in
supernova remnants, and hot thermal plasma in clusters of galaxies. As the largest structures in the universe, galaxy
clusters constitute a unique laboratory for measuring the gravitational effects of dark matter and of dark energy. Here,
we review the history of high-resolution x-ray telescopes and highlight some of the scientific results enabled by these
telescopes. Next, we describe the planned next-generation x-ray-astronomy facility-the International X-ray
Observatory (IXO). We conclude with an overview of a concept for the next next-generation facility-Generation X.
The scientific objectives of such a mission will require very large areas (about 10000 m 2 ) of highly-nested lightweight
grazing-incidence mirrors with exceptional (about 0.1-arcsecond) angular resolution. Achieving this angular resolution
with lightweight mirrors will likely require on-orbit adjustment of alignment and figure.
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