Tracking the evolution of the two successful CC59 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Taiwan: the divergence time of the two clades was estimated to be 1980s.

Abstract Clonal complex 59 (CC59) is the dominant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain in Taiwan and includes the Asian-Pacific clone with Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-negative/staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IVg and the Taiwan clone characterized as PVL-positive/SCCmec V (5C2&5). Nevertheless, data on the evolutionary history of the two dominant CC59 MRSA clones in Taiwan are scarce. We classified 258 CC59 S. aureus strains from Taiwan by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), which revealed two major clusters, MT1 and MT2, with distinct mobile genetic elements (MGEs). However, sequencing and PCR mapping of the β-lactamase-producing plasmid revealed no difference among all CC59 S. aureus strains. Bayesian evolutionary analysis of 18 CC59 S. aureus strains based on core genome alignment revealed two clades: (i) Clade A, which shared the samples with MT1, had the features of mainly harboring gentamicin-resistant MES6272-2 or MES4578, φSA3 translocation in νSaβ and SCCmec IVg; and (ii) Clade B, which shared the samples with MT2, had the features of mainly harboring streptomycin-resistant MESPM1, PVL phage and SCCmec V (5C2&5). The estimated time of the divergence of the two clades was in 1980s based on the time-calibrated phylogenetic tree. Our results suggest that the CC59 S. aureus progenitor acquired a β-lactamase-producing plasmid and then developed the varied genetic backgrounds, which were associated with the acquisition and maintenance of distinct MGEs, leading to differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and molecular virulence determinants.