Identification and Optimization of the Spatial Structure of Urban and Rural Settlements from a Hierarchical Network Perspective

China has entered a new era of comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization and integrated urban–rural development. The identification and optimization of the spatial structure of urban and rural settlements are of great significance to the realization of rural revitalization and integrated urban–rural development. This study proposes a method framework for identifying and optimizing the spatial structure of urban and rural settlements from a hierarchical network perspective. This framework includes three parts—namely, the identification, analysis, and optimization of the hierarchical network structure of these settlements. The identification of this structure is the foundation of this study. To realize the identification, for each settlement, this study finds and retains its strongest interaction with other settlements which have a stronger capacity for development. This study used Hua County in Henan, China, as an example to verify the method framework. Results showed that the spatial structure of the urban and rural settlements in Hua County identified in this study was complete and continuous, with significant hierarchical and community characteristics. Based on this, a five-level optimization system of these settlements was constructed. This study expands the method used to study the spatial structure of urban and rural settlements from the network perspective and has a theoretical and practical significance for the optimization of the spatial structure of these settlements.