Blind Source Separation for Clutter and Noise Suppression in Ultrasound Imaging: Review for Different Applications

Blind Source Separation (BSS) refers to a number of signal processing techniques that decompose a signal into several "source" signals. In recent years, BSS is increasingly employed for the suppression of clutter and noise in ultrasonic imaging. In particular, its ability to separate sources based on measures of independence rather than their temporal or spatial frequency content, makes BSS a powerful filtering tool for data in which the desired and undesired signals overlap in the spectral domain. The purpose of this work was to review existing BSS methods and their potential in ultrasound imaging. Furthermore, we tested and compared the effectiveness of these techniques in the field of contrast-ultrasound superresolution, contrast quantification, and speckle tracking. For all applications, this was done in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. We found that the critical step in BSS filtering is the identification of components containing the desired signal and we highlighted the value of a priori domain knowledge to define effective criteria for signal component selection.