Gastrointestinal manifestations of pediatric coronavirus disease and their relationship with a severe clinical course: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Data on the gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of Pediatric Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) are conflicting and the relationship between GI involvement and the severity of COVID-19 disease has not been evaluated. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine the GI manifestations of pediatric COVID-19 and to evaluate their role as risk factors for a severe clinical course. METHODS: : A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed and Scopus for studies published before 31 December 2020 with information about the GI manifestations of pediatric COVID-19. Patients with a severe and nonsevere clinical course were compared using the inverse variance heterogeneity model and odds ratio (OR) as the effect size. A sensitivity analysis was performed if the heterogeneity was high among studies. RESULTS: A total of 811 studies were identified through a systematic search of which 55 studies (4369 patients) were included in this systematic review. The commonest GI symptoms were diarrhea-19.08% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.6-28.2], nausea/vomiting 19.7% (95% CI 7.8-33.2) and abdominal pain 20.3% (95% CI 3.7-40.4). The presence of diarrhea was significantly associated with a severe clinical course with a pooled OR of 3.97 (95% CI 1.80-8.73; p < 0.01). Abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting were not associated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea, nausea/vomiting or abdominal pain are present in nearly one-fifth of all children with COVID-19. The presence of diarrhea portends a severe clinical course.