A Winding Road to Peace Building: Longitudinal Outcomes of a Peace Intervention for Survivors and Genocidaires of the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda.

This longitudinal study examined outcomes of a local peace-building intervention that applied principles of intergroup contact to promote reconciliation between genocidaires and survivors whom they have directly harmed during the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Individual interviews were conducted with 46 genocidaires and 45 survivors whom they have directly harmed during the genocide at 7-time points over the course of their 22-month participation in three programmatic activities (workshops, cell groups, and cooperative cow raising). One thousand bootstrapped samples generated to measure changes in outcomes indicated that survivors and genocidaires regarded themselves and those who directly impacted them during the genocide more positively after 22 months. Although both survivors and genocidaires experienced significant decline in trauma symptomatology after 22 months, they responded to programmatic activities differently. Cell group interactions sustained some positive outcomes (genocidaires perceived forgiveness by others) after the workshops and further improved others (genocidaires self-forgiveness). Survivors who participated in cell groups and raised cows with genocidaires demonstrated further willingness to reconcile compared to survivors who participated in cell groups alone. Our findings empirically support the benefits of promoting different forms of intergroup interactions long after a period of intense violence and highlight the importance of considering how the trajectories of outcomes can inform program and theory development. HIGHLIGHTS: Survivors and genocidaires in Rwanda benefited from a local intergroup contact intervention (CI). However, genocidaires and survivors they directly harmed benefited differently over 22-months. Preparing survivors and genocidaires with skills to participate in communal life is critical for CI. Highlighting both CI outcomes and trajectories are essential for program and theory development.