Translocation of imidacloprid from coated rape (Brassica napa) seeds to nectar and pollen

Bees and other pollinating insects contribute significantly to the world’s production of edible crops. Bees and bumblebees are threatened by modern agricultural practices like monocropping, destruction of natural habitats and pesticide use. Organic farming practice avoids the pesticides, but should also actively support the living conditions for pollinating insects, e.g. by maintaining flowering strips and trees. A recent ban on imidacloprid as rapeseed coating in Norway may encourage research in alternative ways of protecting rapeseed against ground flees (Phyllotreta spp.). Such studies may be beneficial also for organic rape growers.