Stability and transport of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in three variable-charge soils

Purpose The exposure pathways and environmental impacts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) released into soils could be significantly influenced by their stability and transport behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the stability and transport of TiO2 NPs in three variable-charge soils and to determine the key factors controlling these behaviors.