Radiometer Calibration Using Co-located GPS Radio Occultation Measurements

We present a new high-fidelity method of calibrat- ing a cross-track scanning microwave radiometer using Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements. The radiometer and GPSRO receiver periodically observe the same volume of atmosphere near the Earth's limb, and these overlapping measurements are used to calibrate the radiometer. Performance analyses show that absolute calibration accuracy better than 0.25 K is achievable for temperature sounding channels in the 50-60 GHz band for a total-power radiometer using a weakly coupled noise diode for frequent calibration and proximal GPSRO measurements for infrequent (approximately daily) calibration. The method requires GPSRO penetration depth only down to the stratosphere, thus permitting the use of a relatively small GPS antenna. Furthermore, only coarse spacecraft angular knowledge (approximately one degree RMS) is required for the technique, as more precise angular knowledge can be retrieved directly from the combined radiometer and GPSRO data, assuming the radiometer angular sampling is uniform. These features make the technique particularly well- suited for implementation on a low-cost CubeSat hosting both radiometer and GPSRO receiver systems on the same spacecraft. We describe a validation platform for this calibration method, the Microwave Radiometer Technology Acceleration (MiRaTA) CubeSat, currently in development for the NASA Earth Science Technology Office. MiRaTA will fly a multi-band radiometer and the Compact TEC/Atmosphere GPS Sensor (CTAGS) in 2015. Index Terms—Microwave, remote sensing, temperature, hu- midity, precipitation, radiometer, calibration, radio occultation, GPSRO, GPS, GNSS, RO-Cal, cubesat, nanosatellite, MiRaTA, CTAGS, MicroMAS, AMSU, ATMS