Two-photon optogenetic toolbox for fast inhibition, excitation and bistable modulation

A collection of opsins for two-photon modulation of neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo is presented in this resource. The opsins have kinetic, expression and spectral properties ideally suited to typical raster-scanning two-photon microscopy. Also online, Packer et al. use the red-shifted opsin C1V1T and simple raster-scanning illumination to stimulate individual spines and dendrites and map synaptic circuits.