The RNA-binding protein Quaking regulates multiciliated and basal cell abundance in the developing lung.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) form complexes with RNA, changing how the RNA is processed and thereby regulating gene expression. RBPs are important sources of gene regulation during organogenesis, including the development of the lungs. The RBP called Quaking (QK) is critical for embryogenesis, yet has not been studied in the developing lung. Here, we show that QK is widely expressed during rat lung development and into adulthood. The QK isoforms QK5 and QK7 co-localize to the nuclei of nearly all lung cells. QK6 is present in the nuclei and cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells and is only present in the epithelium during branching morphogenesis. QK knockdown in embryonic lung explants caused a greater number of multiciliated cells to appear in the airways, at the expense of basal cells. The mRNA of multiciliated cell genes and the abundance of FOXJ1/SOX2+ cells increased after knockdown, while P63/SOX2+ cells decreased. The cytokine IL-6, a known regulator of multiciliated cell differentiation, had increased mRNA levels after QK knockdown, although protein levels remained unchanged. Further studies are necessary to confirm whether QK acts as a blocker for the IL-6 induced differentiation of basal cell into multiciliated cells, and a conditional QK knockout would likely lead to additional discoveries on QK's role during lung development.