Studies on the acute toxicity of fluoride ion to stickleback, fathead minnow, and rainbow trout

Abstract We have studied the acute toxicity of fluoride ion to Gasterosteus aculeatus , Pimephales promelas , and juvenile Salmo gairdneri . LC50 values varied with species and (due to precipitation) initial water hardness. Exposure to elevated fluoride levels in water resulted in increased blood fluoride levels in Salmo gairdneri .