Exposure to low temperatures suppresses the production of B-cell activating factor via TLR3 in BEAS-2B cells

Abstract Acute viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are commonly associated with cold weather; however, the mechanism behind this is still unclear. Secretory IgA (sIgA) mainly contributes to the immune response against pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract. Certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce the expression of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. BAFF transforms B cells into plasma cells, which leads to the mass production of immunoglobulins, including IgA, on the mucosal epithelium. However, no studies have described the relationship between cold exposure and BAFF and/or sIgA in RTI. The aim of our study was to determine this relationship in vitro by investigating the effect of low temperature on BAFF production by BEAS-2B cells after the addition of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. We showed stimulation of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which led BEAS-2B to produce interferon (IFN)-β. IFN-β itself induced BEAS-2B cells to produce BAFF. Janus kinase inhibitor I decreased the amount of BAFF produced in BEAS-2B cells upon stimulation with IFN-β and poly I:C. Significantly less BAFF was produced post-poly I:C stimulation in low-temperature conditions than in normal-temperature conditions (mean ± SD: 41.2 ± 23.3 [33 °C] vs. 138.3 ± 7.1 pg/mL [37 °C], P = 0.05). However, the low-temperature condition itself was not cytotoxic. The stimulation of poly I:C produced BAFF from BEAS2B cells via IFN-β production and the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway played an important role in BAFF production in BEAS-2B cells. Cold exposure reduced BAFF production by BEAS2B cells after stimulation with the TLR3 ligand. Cold exposure may, therefore, suppress the production of BAFF, resulting in the inhibition of IgA secretion in the bronchial epithelium, which explains the increased frequency of RTIs in cold weather.