Analyzing scaling behavior of calcium sulfate in membrane distillation via optical coherence tomography.

Deepening the understanding of scaling processes would facilitate the improvement of membrane distillation (MD) as a promising technique for sustainable development. This study investigated the scaling of calcium sulfate in MD via an approach based on optical coherence tomography (OCT). The OCT-based characterization enabled an analysis that correlated the flux decline with the morphological evolution of the scaling layer. It was revealed by this analysis that the reduction in the evaporation rate could be dominated by different mechanisms as the crystalline particles grew and deposited on the membrane surface; the striping phenomenon visualized by mapping the local growth rates provided evidence for the hydrodynamic instability induced by the coupled mass and heat transfer in MD. Moreover, the OCT-based characterization was exploited to unravel the interplay between the crystallization and the porous structure by quantifying the membrane deformation as a function of time; the varied precipitation kinetics in the boundary layer was confirmed by comparing the temporal variations in the OCT signals at different depths. All these results shed light on mechanisms underlying complex scaling processes, which are the basis for optimizing the design of MD.