Under-measured daily maximum precipitation from manual gauge observations over the northern regions

Abstract Extreme precipitation is a major issue for regional climate, hydrology, and safety of society. Our knowledge of extreme precipitation is poor because of difficulties in gauge observations and biases in regional and global datasets, in particular over the snow dominated regions. Here we investigate and report the distribution and magnitude of under-measured of the maximum daily total precipitation (herein daily maximum precipitation) due to biases in manual gauge observations in the high latitudes (over 45°N), using historical data during 1973–2004. We find remarkable patterns in under-measured of the long-term mean daily maximum precipitation and their association to regional climatic regimes. In contrast to relatively small and large-scale under-measured (