Increased blood ammonia in hypoxia during exercise in humans

The effect of acute hypoxia on blood concentration of ammonia ([NH3]b) and lactate ([la−]b) was studied during incremental exercise (IE), and two-step constant workload exercises (CE). Fourteen endurance-trained subjects performed incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (10.4% O2) conditions. Eight endurance-trained subjects performed two-step constant workload exercise at sea level and at a simulated altitude of 5000 m (hypobaric chamber, PB=405 Torr; Po2=85 Torr) in random order. In normoxia, the first step lasted 25 minutes at an intensity of 85% of the individual ventilatory anaerobic threshold (ATvent, ind) at sea level. This reduced workload was followed by a second step of 5 minutes at 115% of their ATvent, ind. This test was repeated into a hypobaric chamber, at a simulated altitude of 5,000 m. The first step in hypoxia was at an intensity of 65% of ATvent, ind., whereas workload for the second step at simulated altitude was the same as that of the first workload in normoxia (85% of ATvent, ind). During IE, [NH3]b and [la−]b were significantly higher in hypoxia than in normoxia. Increases in these metabolities were highly correlated in each condition. The onset of [NH3]b and [la−]b accumulation occurred at different exercise intensity in normoxia (181W for lactate and 222W for ammonia) and hypoxia (100W for lactate and 140W for ammonia). In both conditions, during CE, [NH3]b showed a significant increase during each of the two steps, whereas [la−]b increased to a steady-state in the initial step, followed by a sharp increase above 4 mM·L−1 during the second. Although exercise intensity was much lower in hypoxia than in normoxia, [NH3]b was always higher at simulated altitude. Thus, for the same workload, [NH3]b in hypoxia was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in normoxia. Our data suggest that there is a close relationship between [NH3]b and [la−]b in normoxia and hypoxia during graded intensity exercises. The accumulation of ammonia in blood is independent of that of lactate during constant intense exercise. Hypoxia increases the concentration of ammonia in blood during exercise.