First Detection of Radio Linear Polarization in a Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow

We report the first detection of radio polarization of a GRB afterglow with the first intensive combined use of telescopes in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges for GRB171205A. The linear polarization degree in the millimeter band at the sub-percent level ($0.27 \pm 0.04\%$) is lower than those observed in late-time optical afterglows (weighted average of $\sim 1\%$). The Faraday depolarization by non-accelerated, cool electrons in the shocked region is one of possible mechanisms for the low value. In this scenario, larger total energy by a factor of $\sim 10$ than ordinary estimate without considering non-accelerated electrons is required. The polarization position angle varies by at least 20 degrees across the millimeter band, which is not inconsistent with this scenario. This result indicates that polarimetry in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges is a unique tool for investigating GRB energetics, and coincident observations with multiple frequencies or bands would provide more accurate measurements of the non-accelerated electron fraction.