Burden of tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019.

2021 
Abstract Introduction Understanding trends in the annual incidence, mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for tracheal, bronchus and lung (TBL) cancers globally is important to enable appropriate targeting of resources for prevention, clinical practice improvement, and research. The aim of this study was to determine the global, regional and national burden of TBL cancer in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 by age, sex and socio-demographic index (SDI). Methods Estimates were produced through various data inputs including: cancer registries (n site-years =5,318), vital registration (n site-years=22,553), vital registration-sample (n site-years=825) and verbal autopsies (n site-years=516). Annual Incidence, mortality, and DALYs were estimated and presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100,000 population. Results There were 2.3 million (95% UI: 2.1 to 2.5) incident cases of TBL cancer, with an age-standardised annual incidence rate of 27.7 (95% UI: 25.3 to 30), which decreased by 2.6% (95% UI: -12.4 to 6.5) between 1990 and 2019. TBL cancer was responsible for 2 million (95% UI: 1.9 to 2.2) deaths globally with an age-standardised death rate of 25.2 (95% UI: 23.2 to 27), a decrease of 7.8% (95% UI: -15.9 to 0.2) between 1990 and 2019. Moreover, TBL accounted for 45.9 million (95% UI: 42.3 to 49.3) DALYs at the global level, with an age-standardised rate of 551.6 (95% UI: 509 to 593.1) DALYs per 100,000 population. The standardised DALY rate declined by 16.2% (95% UI: -24 to -8.2) from 1990 to 2019. Greenland [77.7 (95% UI: 64.4 to 90.6)], Monaco [75.6 (95% UI: 61.4 to 90.8)] and Montenegro [56.7 (95% UI: 46.5 to 68.9)] had the three highest age-standardised annual incidence rates. The aforementioned three countries also had the three highest age-standardised death and DALY rates of TBL cancer. Honduras [68% (95% UI: 14.5 to 137.7)], Cabo Verde [62.2% (95% UI: 24.1 to 101.3)] and Monaco [58.2% (95% UI: 19.2 to 109.7)] showed the largest increase in age-standardised annual incidence rates for TBL cancer during 1990-2019. The largest increases were seen in age-standardised death rates of TBL cancer in Honduras [67.1 % (95% UI: 14.7 to 133.1)], Cabo Verde [64.4 % (95% UI: 25 to 103.4)] and Mozambique [49.9 % (95% UI: 7.9 to 101.3)]. Age-standardised annual incidence and death rates were higher in males than females and increased with population aging. There were non-linear, but generally positive associations between age-standardised DALY rates with corresponding SDI of countries. Globally, smoking (62.4%), ambient particulate matter (15.3%) and high fasting plasma glucose (9.9%) had the top three highest percent of attributable DALYs due to TBL cancer in 2019 for both sexes. Conclusions This study showed a decline in burden globally but with some countries showing an increase. These results are crucial to set priorities for prevention and treatment of TBL cancer and would be beneficial for policy makers, government officials, clinicians and researchers.
    • Correction
    • Source
    • Cite
    • Save
    • Machine Reading By IdeaReader
    22
    References
    5
    Citations
    NaN
    KQI
    []