Recent progress in optical and electrochemical biosensors for sensing of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin

Abstract Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein which produced from Clostridium botulinum and related species and it block acetylcholine release from presynaptic nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junctions. This toxin is life threatening for millions of people and growing menace to society since causing human botulism. Enzymatic activity of Botulinum neurotoxin within the cell made it hazardous and lead to flaccid paralysis. However, there isn't any reliable and precise remedy for this toxin. Therefore, there is an urgent need for early detection of this toxin in a fast and meticulous way with a robust and cost-effective relationship for real-time monitoring of Botulinum neurotoxin. Several biosensors have been designed and commercialized for this purpose. In this overview, novel biosensing methods; such as various optical and electrochemical ones proposed for detection of Botulinum neurotoxin have been summarized. Furthermore, attention has been focused on the main concepts, applications, and examples that have been achieved up to diagnostics of botulism.