Toward bidirectional closed-loop brain–machine interfaces (BMIs): a summary on invasive BMI research in China

Abstract Brain–machine interface technology has attracted increasing interest for implementing advanced applications to restore or augment human sensorimotor and other cognitive functions. The BMI technology also represents a powerful tool for addressing fundamental questions in neuroscience. During the last few decades, significant advances have been made in the development of BMI systems based on invasive recording technologies such as intracortical microelectrode arrays or electrocorticography. Despite its late start, China has been making rapid progress in developing key technologies and systems to support invasive BMI researches on nonprimates, nonhuman primates, and humans, for the purposes of rehabilitation engineering, clinical trials, or basic research. In this chapter, we review recent progresses in invasive BMI made by multidisciplinary researchers of scientists, engineers, and clinicians in China and propose potential development trends and challenges of this technology to translate advances into clinical applications.