A literature-based study on the water–energy–food nexus for sustainable development

The water-energy-food (WEF) Nexus encompasses complex and interdependent relations and its examination requires content-specific concepts and approaches. Managing, conserving and maximizing the potential of each component is a major global concern considering the many challenges to be faced in the 21st century. The aim of this study was to identify, in the literature, recommendations for public policy, research and development, and practices for the WEF Nexus, aimed at promoting sustainable development considering stochastic and risk elements. In this regard, this paper presents a literature review of the contribution scientific studies have made toward better understanding the importance of the WEF Nexus in the context of sustainable development. Research indicates that the WEF Nexus cannot be discussed as independent sectors, highlighting the need for integrated policies and inter-sectoral and international cooperation to promote sustainable development. Therefore, the effective management of the WEF Nexus requires science-based data using risk and stochastic elements to assist policy and decision-making. Thus, in a situation of rapid global changes, decision-making processes for this Nexus must be assisted by multidisciplinary, multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral approaches, aimed at avoiding the unintended effects of a single sector approach (e.g., energy policies stimulating hydroelectricity production need to consider factors affecting conservation and food production). With regard to the effects of climate change on the WEF Nexus, risk and stochastic elements must be considered when developing a science-based model for the sustainable management of WEF resources.