Multi‐composite super‐resolution microscopy: enhanced Airyscan resolution with radial fluctuation and sample expansions

Either modulated illumination or temporal fluctuation analysis can assist super-resolution techniques in overcoming the diffraction limit of conventional optical microscopy. As they are not contradictory to each other, an effective combination of spatial and temporal super-resolution mechanisms would further improve the resolution of fluorescent images. Here, a super-resolution imaging method called fluctuation-enhanced Airyscan technology (FEAST) is proposed, which achieves ~40 nm lateral imaging resolution and is useful for a range of fluorescent proteins and organic dyes. It was demonstrated not only to obtain different subcellular super-resolution images, but also to improve the accuracy of counting the average human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) copy number for diagnosis in breast cancer. Furthermore, the combination of FEAST and sample expansion microscopy (Ex-FEAST) improves the lateral resolution to ~26 nm.