Pulse Delivery and Exposure Systems

This chapter discusses how electric pulses are delivered to a biological target using electrodes and a transmission line. The electric fields in the tissue near the electrodes can be determined through analytical approach or numerical calculation (Sect. 16.2). In the time domain, the pulses seen at the target are largely affected by the pulse duration and the electrical characteristics of the electrodes in the tissue, especially the associate capacitance (Sect. 16.3). It is also important to treat the electrode configuration as part of the transmission line for the delivery of ultrashort pulses when the exact waveform is determined. Two types of electrodes that can deliver ultrafast pulses for in vitro studies are discussed in Sect. 16.4.