A universal expression for the low-frequency attenuation coefficient in the surface duct

2015 
This paper presents an analysis of the effect of a surface duct on sound propagation in a deep ocean environment.  A universal expression for the attenuation coefficient due to diffraction when the sound frequency is around or below the cut off frequency is derived for sound leakage from the surface duct. The transmission loss of the duct-driven arrival can be fitted accurately by cylindrical spreading plus a constant attenuation  which is assumed to be proportional to the surface duct thickness to the power  and the frequency to the power . Simulations are carried out in a general deep ocean environment with a surface duct and it is found that  and . Data from three experiments with different surface duct thickness in different deep ocean environments are used to verify this expression.
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